How did the cotton economy shape the Souths environment and labor Assignment

How did the cotton economy shape the Souths environment and labor system - Assignment Example How did the Lecompton Constitution and the Lincoln-Douglas debates affect the debate over slavery in the territories? Why did Lincoln’s election in 1860 cause the South to secede? Scholarly sources which were researched online were used in providing for the answers. a. The antebellum South was mainly agricultural with cotton as their main product and with the unprecedented growth of the cotton economy during that period, slave labor became the major capital investment. South remained agricultural and produced on site goods and services. It remained a largely closed society and only a few towns or villages emerged. (â€Å"The Cotton Economy in the South.† American Eras. 1997). Slaves were only regarded as properties by their owners and were often maltreated and oppressed. Though a few had the courage to fight back, their punishments were much more severe; they were whipped, beaten, drowned or hanged. Others resisted by slowing down in their work or feigning illness or breaking their tools. Others sabotaged their production like setting fire on the crops, and some resorted to theft of food, tobacco, liquor, and money from their slave masters. In the 1850s, slaves in plantations dwelt in quarters made up of crudely-made cabins. They lived together within the same homestead and this made the black communities flourish. Within these slave communities, they were able to retain their African culture with their folk tales, religion and spirituality, music and dance, and language, and they had their own families. These made their lives as slaves bearable. b. The Americans believed they had a â€Å"manifest destiny† to expand across the Pacific Ocean. After the election of James K. Polk in 1844, he at once initiated the annexation of Texas and he also eyed California and New Mexico. The Indians made it more difficult for the Americans in their war against Mexico. As U.S. was having war with Mexico, they were also having a cultural war

Creative Technology entry in the US market. Political factors that can affect its operations Essay Example for Free

Creative Technology entry in the US market. Political factors that can affect its operations Essay Introduction There are various political factors that can affect the operation of the Creative Technology in the US market.   First the company will be required to comply with the various government regulations that affect the pricing and the entire production process. The company also needs to comply with the various tax systems that are present in the American economy ( Donici, Maha, Ignat Maha,2012).   In addition the company is also required to comply with the various trading agreement of the companies that operate in the industry. The US government is also known to have to have minimum intervention on the business which will in turn help to ensure that the business is able to achieve its objective (Shaw, 2007).   The political stability currently enjoyed by the US government will also play a critical role in helping to ensure the company achieves its strategic growth objective in the US market. Domestic approach that might change Building a strong brand The company need first ensure that it concentrate on building a strong brand in the US market. Though building a strong brand the company can therefore be able to achieve to capture the interest of the consumer and therefore ensure the company achieves its strategic growth objectives. According to Ryan Jones (2012) building a strong brand can help to create the necessary emotional connections with the target consumers. Most importantly building a strong brand will help the company to compete with some of the companies that are leading in the sale of the earphone in the US market. Adopting online sales and marketing Online sales and marketing is current becoming one of the most important factors that helps to ensure that various business survive in US domestic market ( Donici et al.,2012). There is therefore need for the company to adopt the online sales and marking strategies in order to ensure it reaches its target consumers. In this case the company needs to set up a website that has an accurate reflection of the company goals and objectives. Reference Ryan, D., Jones, C. (2012). Understanding digital marketing: Marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page. DONICI, A., MAHA, A., IGNAT, I., MAHA, L. (2012). E-Commerce across United States of America: Amazon.com. Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition, 15(1), 252-258. Shaw, S. (2007). Airline marketing and management. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Evaluating Verbal Nonverbal And Barriers To Communication Nursing Essay

Evaluating Verbal Nonverbal And Barriers To Communication Nursing Essay INTRODUCTION Communication is a process and has many aspects to it. Communication is a dynamic process by which information is shared between individuals (Sheldon 2005). This process requires three components (Linear model Appendix figure 1.1), the sender, the receiver and the message (Alder 2003). Communication would not be possible if any of these components are absent. While Peate (2006) has suggested that communication is done every day through a linear process, Spouse (2008) argues that it is not so simple and does not follow such a linear process. He explains that due to messages being sent at the same time through verbal and non- verbal avenues, it is expected the receiver is able to understand the way this is communicated. Effective communication needs knowledge of good verbal and non-verbal communication techniques and the possible barriers that may affect good communication. The Nursing and Midwifery council (2008) states that a nurse has effective communication skills before they can register as its seen as an essential part of a nurses delivery of care. (WAG 2003) Reflecting on communication in practice will also enforce the theory behind communication and allow a nurse to look at bad and good communication in different situations. This will then enforce the use of good communication techniques in a variety of situations allowing for a more interpersonal and therapeutic nurse patient relationship. This assignment discusses health care communication and why it is important in nursing by: Exploring verbal and non-verbal communication and possible barriers By exploring the fundamentals of care set out by the Welsh assembly and the nurse and midwifery councils code of conduct a better understanding of the importance of communication is gained. Reflecting in practice using a scenario from a community posting. VERBAL COMMUNICATION Verbal communication comes in the form of spoken language; it can be formal or informal in its delivery. Verbal Language is one of the main ways in which we communicate and is a good way to gather information through a question (an integral part of communication) and answer process (Berry 2007; Hawkins and Power 1999). Therefore verbal communication in nursing should be seen as a primary process and a powerful tool in the assessment of a patient. There are two main types of questioning, open-ended questions or closed questions (Stevenson 2004). Open-ended questions tend to warrant more than a one word response and generally start with what, who, where, when, why and how. It invites the patient to talk more around their condition and how they may be feeling and provoke a more detailed assessment to be obtained (Stevenson 2004). The use open-ended questions make the patient feel they have the attention of the nurse and they are being listened too (Grover 2005). It allows for a psychological focus to be given, this feeling of interest in all aspects of the patients care allows for a therapeutic relationship to develop (Dougherty 2008). Closed questions looks for very specific information about the patient (Dougherty 2008). They are very good at ascertaining factual information in a short space of time (Baillie 2005). There are two types of closed questions: the focused and the multiple choice questions. Focused questions tend to acquire information about a particular clinical situation (e.g. asking a patient who is been prescribed Ibuprofen, are you asthmatic?) whereas multiple choice questions tend to be more based on the nurses understanding of the condition being assessed. It can be used as a tool to help the patient describe for example the pain they feel e.g. is the pain dull, sharp, throbbing etc (Stevenson 2004). For verbal communication to be effective, good listening skills are essential. Sharing information, concerns and feelings becomes difficult, if the person being spoken to doesnt look interested (Andrews 2001). Good active listening can lead to a better understanding of the patients most recent health issues (Sheldon 2005). Poor listening could be as a result of message overload, physical noise, poor effort and psychological noise. Therefore being prepared to listen and putting the effort and time are essential in a nurses role (Grover 2005). NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION This type of communication does not involve spoken language and can sometimes be more effective than words that are spoken. About 60 65 per cent of communication between people is through non verbal behaviours and that these behaviours can give clues to feelings and emotions the patient may be experiencing (Foley 2010, p. 38). Non-verbal communication adds depth to speech; to re affirm verbal communication; to control the flow of communication; to convey emotions; to help define relationships and a way of giving feedback. The integration between verbal language and paralanguage (vocal), can affect communication received (Spouse 2008) Berry (2007, pg18) highlights the depth of verbal language due to the use of paralinguistic language. The way we ask a question, the tone, and pitch, volume and speed all have an integral part to play in non verbal communication. In his opinion, personality is shown in the way that paralanguage is used as well as adding depth of meaning in the presentation of the message been communicated. Foley (2010) identifies studies where language has no real prevalence in getting across emotional feelings, in the majority of cases the person understands the emotion even if they dont understand what is being said. Paralanguage therefore is an important tool in identifying the emotional state of a patient. Non-verbal actions (kinesis) can communicate messages, such as body language, touch, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact. By using the universal facial expressions of emotion, our face can show many emotions without verbally saying how we feel (Foley 2010) refer to Appendix table 2. For example, we raise our eye brows when surprised, or open our eyes wider when shocked. First impressions are vital for effective interaction; by remembering to smile with your eyes as well as your mouth can communicate an approachable person who is open. This can help to reassure a patient who is showing signs of anxiety (Mason 2010). BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION An understanding of barriers in communication is also very important. The Welsh Assemblys fundamentals of care (2003) showed that many of the problems associated with health and social care was due to failures in communication. These barriers may be the messenger portraying a judgmental or power attitude. Dickson (1999) suggested that social class can be a barrier to communication, feeling inferior to the nurse may distort the message being received, making communication difficult to maintain. Environmental barriers such as a busy ward and a stressed nurse could influence effective communication. This can greatly reduce the level of empathy and communication given as suggested by Endacott (2009). People with learning disabilities come up against barriers in communicating their needs, due to their inability to communicate verbally, or unable to understand complex new information. This leads to a breakdown in communication and their health care needs being met (Turnbull 2010). Timby (2005) stresses that when effectively communicating with patients the law as well as the NMC (2008) guidelines for consent and confidentiality must be adhered to. This also takes into account handing over to other professionals. He suggests that a patients rights to autonomy should be upheld and respected without any influence or intimidation, regardless of age, religion, gender or race. The use of communication in practice is essential and reflecting on past experience helps for a better understanding of communication, good and bad. REFLECTION Reflecting on my experience while on placement in a G.P with a practice nurse in south Wales Valleys, has helped me understand and gain practical knowledge in communicating effectively in nursing practice. The duration was for one week and includes appointments in several clinics to do with C.O.P.D (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). I will be reflecting upon one appointment using the Gibbss reflective cycle (1988). Description Due to confidentiality (NMC, 2008) the patient will be referred to as Mrs A.E. The Nurse called Mrs A.E to come to the appointment room. I could see she was anxious through her body language (palm trembling and sweaty, fidgety, calm and rapid speech). The nurse asked her to sit down. The nurse gained consent for me to sit in on her review (NMC, 2008). The review started with a basic questionnaire the nurse had pre generated on the computer. It was a fairly closed questionnaire around her breathing including how it was, when it was laboured. Questions were also asked around her medication and how she was taking her pumps. Reflecting on these questions, I feel the questions did not leave much opportunity for Mrs A.E to say anything else apart from the answer to that question. The nurse controlled the communication flow. The Nurse did not have much eye contact with the patient and was facing the computer rather than her patient. I wondered if the nurse had notice the anxious non-verbal communication signs. The patient seemed almost on the verge of tears, I wasnt sure if this was anxiety, distress from being unwell, or she was unhappy about something else. I felt quite sorry for her as all her body language communicated to me that she was not happy. She had her arms crossed across her body (an indication of comforting herself) and she did not smile. She also looked very tense and uncomfortable. The Nurse went on with the general assessment and did the lung test and I took the blood pressure and pulse, gaining consent first as required by the NMC. Once all the questions had been answered on the computer the Nurse turned to face Mrs A.E and I noticed she had eye contact with her and had her body slightly tilted toward the patient (non verbal communication). The Nurse gave her information on why her asthma may be a bit worse at the moment and gave her clear and appropriate information on how she can make manage her COPD at this time of year. The Nurse gave her lots of guidance on the use of her three different pumps, and got her to repeat back to her the instructions, to make sure she understood. I could feel the patient getting more at ease as the communication progressed and also on the confirmation that she understood the instruction. The Nurse knew this patient well and then set the rest of the time talking to the patient about any other concerns she had and how she was fe eling in herself, using a more open question technique. The nurse used her active listening skills and allowed the patient to talk about her problems and gave her empathy at her situation as well and some solutions to think about. She gave the patient information of a support group that helped build up confidence in people with chronic conditions and helped them deal with the emotional side of their condition. Feelings After the patient had gone, my mentor explained that the patient was a regular to the clinic, she had many known anxiety issues which werent helped by her chronic asthma. Through-out the beginning of the review I felt very awkward. I thought, because I was sitting in on the review, may have been the reason the lady had not said why she seemed so anxious and upset. I also felt the nurse was not reacting to the sign of anxiety from Mrs A.E and this made me feel uncomfortable. I felt like I wanted to ask her if she was ok, but felt that I couldnt interrupt the review. However by the end of the review I felt a lot better about how it had gone. I did feel that by building up a relationship with the patients allowed the nurse to understand the communication needs of the patient and also allowed her to use the time she had effectively. She used empathy in her approach to the lady and actively listened to her. I understand that the start of the review was about getting the facts of the condition using a lot of closed questions, whereas the later part of the review was a more open questions and non verbal communication approach, allowing the patient to speak a bout any concerns and feelings about those questions asked earlier. Evaluation Effectively using closed questions allow for a lot of information to be gathered in a short space of time, and can be specific to the patients review needs. These pre-generated questionnaires are good at acquiring the information needed by the G.P. and also for good record keeping which are essential in the continuity of care delivered to the patient (NMC 2008). It can also protect the nurse from any litigation issues. The use of open and closed questions also allowed for the review to explore the thoughts and feelings of the patient, thus allowing for empathy from the nurse and is considered a vital part of the counselling relationship (Chowdhry, 2010 pg. 22). However the use of the computer screen facing away from the patient, did not allow for good non-verbal communication skills to be used. The lack of eye contact from the nurse may have exacerbated the anxiety felt by the patient. Hayward (1975, p. 50) summarised in research that anxiety highlighted an uncertainty about illness or future problems. This link to anxiety was also linked to increased pain. Nazarko (2009) points out, it is imperative that a person has the full attention of the nurse when they are communicating. He states that being aware of ones own non-verbal behaviours, such as posture and eye contact can have an effect on how communication is received by the patient. As evident in the reflection, the patient at the beginning of the review was anxious, upset and worried. By the end of the review her body language had significantly changed. The patient looked and felt a lot better in herself and had a better understanding of how her condition was affecting her and understood how to manage it. However if this information was badly communicated, the patients anxiety could have been prolonged (Hayward, 1975). This also links back to the need to understand medical conditions so that communication is channelled to the patients needs at the time. The fundamentals of care set out by the Welsh Assembly Government (2003), states that communication is of upmost importance in the effectiveness of care given by nurses. By looking at all the fundamentals of communication and the effect on patient care we can understand and recognise that the communication in this reflection was good communication in practice. Analysis The closed questions were used at the beginning of the review, had their advantages. They allowed the nurse to focus the on the specific clinical facts needed. The start of the review used mainly closed questions to get all the clinical facts needed to be recorded, such as Personal information, Spirometry results, blood pressure, drug management of COPD (Robinson, 2010). The structured approach allows the nurse to evaluate using measurable outcomes and thus interventions adjusted accordingly (Dougherty, 2008). The closed question approach allows the consultation to be shortened if time is an issue. However the disadvantage of this as identified by Berry (2007) is that important information may be missed. The use of closed questions on a computer screen hindered the use of non-verbal communication. Not allowing for eye contact, which is an important aspect of effective communication. The use of open questions in the review allowed the patient to express how they were feeling about their condition or any other worries. The nurse used active listening skills, communicated in her non-verbal behaviour. It gave the opportunity to the patient to ask for advice on any worries they might have. The use of open questions can provoke a long and sometimes not totally relevant response (Baillie, 2005), using up valuable time. Eye contact is another important part of communication in the reflective scenario. The eye contact at the start of the review was limited. The nurse made slight eye contact when asking the closed questions, but made none when given the answer. This may have contributed to the patients anxious state. However, the eye contact given during the open questions section. At this stage, there were several eye contacts between the nurse and patient and information was given and understood. The value of eye contact in communication is invaluable and has great effect at reducing symptoms of anxiety (Dougherty 2008). Reflection conclusion The use of communication in this COPD review was very structured. The use of closed questions helped to structure the consultation and acquire lots of information from the patient. The open questions allowed for the patient to express any feeling or concerns. The nurse used verbal and non-verbal communication methods, to obtain information about the patient; assess any needs and communicate back to the patient, within the time period. However in my opinion, if the computer screen was moved closer to the patient during the closed question section, better interaction could have been established from the beginning. It would also allow the nurse to look at the patient when asking the questions leading to a more therapeutic relationship, whilst still obtaining and recording a large amount of information. Therefore, the use of effective communication skills as seen in this review along with a person centred approach can significantly increase better treatment and care given to the patient (Spouse, 2008) and thus signifies good communication in practice. Action Plan The goal of the plan is to increasing patient participation in the use of the computer as an interactive tool. By allowing the patient to see what is on the screen and being written, allows the patient to feel more involved in the assessment and takes away any feeling of inferiority from social class difference. In attempt to achieving these goals, the following steps would be taken: Set up a team to investigate the issue which could involve nursing staffs or other hospital staffs. Drawing up a feedback questionnaire, to investigate how patients feel about the closed questions on the computer, including a section on how they would feel if they were allowed to look at the screen. Collation, analysis and review of the results of the feedback Identify barriers to the implementation of the plan (e.g. willingness of nurses to this change). Inform the NMC on the issues and the findings from the feedback questionnaire. Implementation of the plan. Set up a monitoring and evaluation team to see if the plan is being implemented appropriately. CONCLUSION This assignment has looked at communication and its importance in nursing practice. Communication is thus an important process involving the interaction between one or more persons using verbal and non-verbal methods. Understanding the barriers to communication contributes significantly to how effective a nurse communicates in practice. The use of questioning in nursing has been a valuable tool in assessing a patient and obtaining information. However the way this is done can have an effect on the development of empathy, trust, genuineness and respect, between the nurse and the patient. It is imperative for nurses to however reflect on their communication in practice to further improve the therapeutic relationship between them and the patient as has been identified as essential in the delivery of care (WAG 2003). REFERENCES Alder, RB. Rodman, G. 2003. Understanding human communication: (8th edition). USA: Oxford university press Andrews, C. Smith, J. 2001. Medical Nursing: (11th edition) London: Harcourt Publishers limited Berry, D. 2007. Basic forms of communication. In: Payne, S. Horn, S. ed. Health communication theory and practice. England: Open university press. Chowdhry, S. 2010. Exploring the concept of empathy in nursing: can lead to abuse of patient trust. Nursing times 160(42), pp. 22-25 Dickson, D. 1999. Barriers to communication. In: Long, A. ed. Interaction for practice in community nursing. England: Macmillian press LTD, pp. 84-132 Dougherty, L. Lister, S. ed. 2008. The royal marsden hospital manual of clinical nursing procedures. Student edition. 7th ed. Italy: Wiley-Blackwell Egan, G. 1990. The skilled helper: A systematic approach to effective helping. 4th ed. California: Brooks /Cole Ekman, p. Friesen, WV. 1975. Unmasking the face. Englewood cliffs, NJ: prentice-hall INC Endacott, R. Jevon, P. Cooper, S. 2009. Clinical Nursing Skills Core and Advanced. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Foley, GN. 2010. Non-verbal communication in psychotherapy. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 7(6) pp. 38-44 Gibbs, G. 1988. Learning by doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford: Oxford further education unit. Grover, SM. 2005. Shaping effective communication skills and therapeutic relationship at work. Aaohn journal 53(4) pp.177-182 Hawkins, K. Power, C. 1999. Gender differences in questions asked during small decision-making group discussions, small group research.(30) pg.235-256 Hayward, J. 1975. Information A prescription against pain. London: Royal college of nursing. p. 50 Marie- Claire Mason 2010. Effective interaction: Nursing Standard 24(31) p 25. Nazarko, L. 2009. Advanced communication skills. British journal of healthcare assistants. 3 (09) pp 449-452 Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)2008. The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London. NMC Peate, I. 2006. Becoming a nurse in the 21st century. England: Wiley and Son Robinson, T. 2010. Empowering people to self-manage COPD with management plans and hand held records. Nursing times. 106(38) pp. 12-14 Sale, J. Neal, NM. 2005. The nurses approach: self-awareness and communication. In Ballie, L. ed. Developing practical nursing skills. 2nd ed. London: Oxford university press. Pg. 33-57 Sheldon, L. 2005. Communication for nurses: Talking with patients. London: Jones and Bartlett publishers. Spouse, J. Cook, M. Cox, C. 2008. Common foundation studies in nursing (4th edition). London: Churchill livingstone. Stevenson C, Grieves M, Stein Parbury J. 2004. Patient and Person: Empowering Interpersonal relationships in Nursing London. Elsevier Limited. Timby, BK. 2005. Fundemental Nursing Skills and Concepts Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Turnbull J, Chapman ,S. 2010. Supporting Choice in Health Care for People with Learning Disabilities. Nursing Standard 24 (22) pp 50 55 Welsh Assembly Government 2003. Fundamentals of Care Guidance for Health and Social Care Staff Cardiff: WAG

The Importance of Group Work in Education Essay example -- Group Work

The Importance of Group Work in Education When I was in high school, and one of my teachers would ask us to form groups in order to do something, I would usually roll my eyes. Ironically enough, some of the best work that I put forth and learned from was done in a group work setting. By working with my peers towards a common end, I got things done much quicker and thorough than I ever did on my own. I chose to research group work for this essay, because in my limited experience as a teacher, youth worker, and student, group work proves to be a most effective teaching method; when it is done successfully. To begin, I came up with four questions to ask myself in researching this project: Why is implementing group work such a useful teaching method? How does it best foster critical literacy? How can it work to begin to dissolve the traditional labels of student stereotypes? How does group work best benefit the inclusion path: incorporating both gifted and special needs students? I have only been able to better understand the answers to these questions in the light of my limited experience, student talk, and professional writings. I do plan on being able to establish more of a concrete application of my philosophy within this short intern experience. My philosophy of group work reflects my philosophy on classroom culture. I see the best classroom environment as one that is non-hostile towards the student; doing whatever it can to clarify and to understand their ideas and problems. In a setting such as this, the student will develop a certain autonomy in discovering their own learning styles, as well as in evaluating their own work. à ¬Students who are authors in the English classroom are more than the writer of... ...esponse to Literature.à ® English Journal. 84:6 (October). Christensen, Linda. 1994. à ¬Building Community from Choas.à ® Rethinking Our Classrooms. Rethinking Schools, Ltd.;Milwaukee, 1994. Evans, Karen S. 1996. à ¬TheRole of Positioning in Peer à ±Led Literature Discussions. Language Arts. 73:3. (March). Hillebrand, Ramana P. 1994. à ¬Contol and Cohesion: Collaborative Learning and Writing. English Journal. 84:1. (January) Knudson, Ruth E. 1995. à ¬A study of Teachers, Tracking, and Grouping: An Examination ofPactice.à ® English Journal. 84:1 (January) Kutz, Eeanor and Hephzibah Roskelly. An Unquiet Pedagogy. Boyton/Cook Publishes; NH, 1991. Levin, James and James Nolan. Principles of Classroom Management. Allyn and Bacon; 1996. Mayher, John S. Uncommon Sense. Boyton/Cook Publishers; NH, 1990. Steinberg, Laurence. Adolescence. McGraw Hill, INC.: NY, 1996.

Disadvantages of Credit Cards

Disadvantages of Credit Cards Mehmetcan Sevim 070090077 Faculty of Management Faruk Cetiner 070090005 Faculty of Management Ceylin Ulusel 020090306 Faculty of Architecture English 201 Esra Sancak December 28, 2011 Disadvantages of Credit Cards Thesis: It is argued that credit cards are beneficial for individuals however they bring many financial problems, trigger consuming and cause psychological conflicts in long-term period. I. Financial A. Penalty rate 1. Late payments 2. Exceeding credit limit B. Transaction fee 1.Interchange fee 2. Foreign transaction fee I. Consumption A. Trigger effects 1. Consumer culture 2. Compulsive buying B. Spending addiction 1. Overspending 2. Indebtedness III. Psychological A. Behavior 1. Compulsive buying behavior 2. Money attitudes B. Mental 1. Depression 2. Self Esteem Finance can be defined as an art which leads to maximize return against risk. Dramatically increase at industrialization required more specific management and revealed many department s of companies such as marketing, sales, human resources.Finance provides pecuniary resources to these departments and also are used for cash flow management. When finance became more important in business life, finance industry emerged. Finance industry provides services related with the management of money. Banking service is the most ongoingness sector in the finance industry. It provides personal, commercial and mortgage loans which is related with credit system. Credit card which works to loan money monthly to consumers, is the most important component of credit system. People can buy goods, services without cash thanks to credit cards.It can be seen that credit card usage is so popular in banking system and most of the credit card holders have more than one credit card. It is argued that credit cards are beneficial for individuals however they bring many financial problems, trigger consuming and cause psychological conflicts in long-term period. First of all, credit cards brin g difficulties for consumers related with financial problems. Credit cards can be so dangerous financial tool when it is used by unconscious costumers. Financial difficulties related with credit cards are also derived from lack of knowledge about credit card usage.The first significant financial problem for credit card users is penalty rate. Late payment is one of the reasons which gives rise to penalty rate. As Buttel explains, there is no difference between time periods when people paid their credit card payments late. Grace period changes between 20 and 31 days and even if card holders make their payments one day late, they are exposed penalty rates. Moreover, although payment is made before the new grace period, credit card holders could be charged penalty rates if they don’t pay their current bill(2003,para. 8-11).This is why it is important that credit card holders should be careful about making their card payments on time. Furthermore, exceeding credit limit is another reason of penalty rate. Buttel states, according to the Consumer Action, credit card holders are exposed to pay high payments and over limit fees with be dragging customer limit down under the current balance by some credit card issuers (2003, para. 14). Clearly, some credit card issuers fox about credit card limits. Apart from penalty rate, credit cards also result transaction fee. To begin with, credit card holders suffer from interchange fee.When customers choose to pay with credit card instead of cash, they usually exposed to pay higher prices related with interchange fee. Mitchell states, â€Å"Interchange fees not only enhance the profits of large banks at the expense of retailers, but ultimately these fees are paid by consumers in the form of higher prices† (2009, para. 11). Obviously, credit card usage makes retailers raise their prices. In addition, foreign transaction fee is a variable charge that card holders usually can not chase. In foreign countries, it is poss ible that credit card holders have to make more payments.As Gerson explains, foreign transaction fees are hided by some issuers and they are so hard to be followed even if the card holders ask them from the customer service or the corporate office. Also, if cardholders use a card like Bank of America-issued Visa abroad, they have to pay Visa fee in addition to Bank of America’s own fee. This clearly shows the risk of using credit cards in foreign countries (2008, para. 3-5). Consequently, credit card usage brings along many problems related to transaction fee. Second of all, credit cards also have many trigger effects on consumption.The first major problem is the impacts of changing consumer culture and how it reforms the psychology of the credit card users. As Sheth indicates that triggers of consumption attitudes are mostly provided by the independence that is connected to process of production and the increasing force of authorization, which are also parts of the consumer culture (2003,para. 3). This is a fundamental and a detailed explanation of the connection between trigger effects of consumption and cultural consequences. Furthermore, compulsive buying is another triggering impact of credit cards.According to Roberts, Jones, in the realm of consumer behavior, credit cards can certainly be construed as promoting spending by making the transaction simpler or by removing the immediate need for money (2001, p. 220). It is obvious that credit cards stimulates spending in consumer behavior by many ways. In this case, these two facts are truly supporting the idea that credit cards are triggering consumption attitudes. Spending addiction is another outcome of credit card based consumption. One of the results of this addiction comes to the scene as the overspending attitude.According to Roberts, Jones, increasing number of indebted people creates a psychology that consents overspending and excessive shopping as a normal behavior which is expected to be ch anged in time (2001, p. 214). This fact explains the general judgement of overspending behavior among indebted customers. Moreover, indebtedness is another significant impact of spending addiction. Griffin states that, instead of accepting indebtedness as a moral failure, mischance is a commonly approved excuse that obstructs making other approaches about the situation (2003, p. 4).This fact clarifies that misconceptions about indebtedness in consumer psychology can orient credit card users negatively and can give rise to unconscious consumption. Eventually, overspending and indebtedness can be counted as the major consequences of spending addiction which –as it explained before- is triggered by many factors. The last and most dangerous effects of credit card usage are considered as psychological effects. First of all, credit cards cause some differences on consumer’s behavior. Credit cards provide a financial confidence even if the user’s financial situation is not reliable.Consumers buy goods and services by money which they had not earn, that situation causes uncontrolled consuming desire. As Parecki states, ‘’Many researchers define compulsive buying behavior as a form of chronic addiction –that is an ‘endless cycle of trying to satisfy that which cannot be satisfied’. Instead of creating healthy interpersonal relationships with other people, compulsive buyers replace their love and trust in the acquisition of objects’’ (1999, p. 4). This definition clearly leads us to negative effects of compulsive buying behavior.In addition, credit card usage also causes price sensitivity of consumer which becomes unbalanced. As Fogel and Schneider cited in Roberts and Junes, irresponsible credit card usage is related with the money attitudes of power and prestige but not price sensitivity (2010, para. 10). Credit cards cause irresponsible behavior because of the money attitudes of power and prestige. A s a result, credit card usage changes consumer habits in a negative way. The second psychological effect of credit cards is causing mental disorders. Credit card usage and card debts mostly lead to depression.Card debts getting higher and higher by default interest, and consumer becomes hopeless about clearing that debt. As Stevenson cited in Andrews and Willing explains, when the negative experiences are researched according to their effects on anxiety and depression level, the financial strain has been shown as %21 among participants (2008, p. 5). Financial issues mostly trigger depression and anxiety. Because of the default interest, situation gets worse and worse. Beyond that, card debts and uncontrolled credit card usage leads consumer to lowering self-esteem.As Parecki cited in Cole explains, compulsive buyers see themselves worthless and try to find ways to self-destruct. The consequences may include unemployment, bankruptcy, social isolation and divorce (1999,p. 9-10). Lower ing self-esteem may trigger self-destruct. All of the above show us how uncontrolled credit card usage damages mental health. References Buttel, A. E. (2003, September 25). Credit card penalty rates:Mistakes that trigger default APRs, from http://www. creditcards. com/credit-card-news/credit-card-penalty-rates 1267. php Gerson, E. S. 2008, November 21). Top credit card issuers’ foreign transaction fees, from http://www. creditcards. com/credit-card-news/foreign-transaction- conversion-fees-1276. php Mitchell, S. (2009, May 5). Soaring Credit Card Transaction Fees Squeeze Independent Business, from http://www. newrules. org/retail/news/soaring-credit-card-transaction- fees-squeeze-independent-businesses Sheth, J. , & Maholtra N. (2003). Global Consumer Culture. Retrieved October 18, 2011 from http://www. uwyo. edu/sustaindevsupport/docs/Global%20Consumer%20Culture. df Roberts, J. , & Jones E. (Winter 2001). Money Attitudes, Credit Card Use, and Compulsive Buying among American College Students. The Journal of Consumer Affair, 35(2), 213-231. Griffin, B. (2003). Reviewed from â€Å"The Character of Credit. Personal Debt in English Culture†. Finn, M. Retrieved October 18, 2011 from https://www. history. ac. uk/reviews/review/435 Vohwinkle, J. (n. d. ). Examine the Roots of  Overspending. Retrieved October 11, 2011 from http://financialplan. about. com/od/savingmoney/qt/Overspending. htm

Organizational Analysis Paper of the American Heart Association Essay

I will be discussing in detail the creation and reasons of the American Heart Association, it’s importance, the functions and responsibilities of the American Heart Association, the stakeholders’ impact towards the American Heart Association and what are the affects as a stakeholder. Keywords: American Heart Association, functions, responsibilities, stakeholders Birth of the American Heart Association The American Heart Association has evolved into a nation-wide program since its birth in the 1915. According to American Heart Association (2010) a group of social workers and doctors in New York formed the Association for Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease. Due to the minimal information regarding heart disease people with heart disease are considered doom and most were in bed rest. Many doctors research and studied to determine if people with heart disease could return to a normal life and also return to work. Soon, associations started to form along the East Coast, mainly in Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago in the 1920s. In 1924, six cardiologists together form the American Heart Association. Their main goal was to share research from cities across the United States and Canada and promote further study. According to American Heart Association (2010), the six cardiologists were Drs. Lewis A. Connor and Robert H. Hasley of New York, Paul White of Boston, Joseph Sailer of Philadelphia, Robert B. Preble of Chicago, and Hugh D. McCulloch of St. Louis. Drs. James B. Herrick of Chicago and William S. Thayer of Baltimore were also instrumental with the founding of the association. See more: how to write an analysis paper There were no education or awareness of heart disease and their main goal was to inform many physicians and scientists of the seriousness of heart disease. American Heart Association, (2010) The American Heart Association thought of ways to share the research and studies to the public and in 1946, according to American Heart Association (2010) they received a donation from the American Legion of $50,000 to conduct a research and to develop a community rheumatic fever program. The AHA reorganized and a couple of years later, non-medical volunteers assisted in business management, fundraising, communication, and public education. The AHA made their public appearance on a radio contest in 1948 called â€Å"The Walking Man,† which netted $1. 75 million. The AHA started setting up divisions across the country the following year and raised $2. 7 million. Growth of the American Heart Association The growth of the AHA has been rapid, in numbers, financial resources, and influence, both national, and international. According to American Heart Association (2010), in order to better serve their affiliate and local divisions nationwide changes of the National Center from New York to Dallas was a better idea. Between 1980 and 1986, they made internal changes and wanted to make a louder and clearer voice in reaching out to the public. They developed guidelines for the national health care system. While the federal government attempt to make changes and improvements AHA supported them at the same time continuing to strengthen internal management and programs. As they made changes AHA also concentrated on their mission statement and three areas of specialty important to AHA: cardiovascular science, cardiovascular education, and community programs. The AHA supported new research projects, move scientific staff into one building and sponsor creative professional education programs. Women and minorities were part of the association’s leadership ranks and resulted in more efforts and understanding of heart and stroke disease on women and minorities. In the 1990s, scientific finding began to move more quickly from laboratories and clinics to the physician offices and American households. They outsourced through journals and publishing online. Their strategy was improving affiliate research programs and creating new divisions dealing with stroke and emergency cardiac care. In November 1998, the AHA created a division called the American Stroke Association, which developed stroke education programs, stroke-related research and supported stroke victims and their caregivers American Heart Association (2010). According to American Heart Association (2010) in 2007, a budget of $700 million was granted in support of research, community programs, advocacy, public, and professional education. AHA used the funds for research on CPR training, pacemakers, microsurgery, bypass surgery, life-extending drugs and artificial heart valves. AHA focused on sending out a message emphasizing society to quit smoking, control blood pressure, dieting, be physically active, and maintain a healthy weight. The AHA is also a provider for first aid. Functions and Responsibilities of American Heart Association According to Stover, E (n. d. ), the AHA is a nonprofit organization and is a voluntary organization funded mostly by donors. The AHA depends on more than 3. 7 million people to carry out its goals and have raised over $1 billion since 1949. They create annual goals, taking on the responsibility of reducing heart disease and stroke. For example, in 2009, the goal of the AHA was to reduce smoking, lower high blood pressure and cholesterol. They reduced it by 25% by 2010. The responsibility of the AHA is to divide the organization’s responsibilities into seven areas whereas eight main offices operate nationwide. The seven areas include the office of chief executive, the advocacy division, corporate operations, field operations, healthcare market division, science operations and customer technology strategies, Stover, E (n. . ). The mission of the AHA is â€Å"Building healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. † Stakeholders in the American Heart Association There are a number of stakeholders involved with the American Heart Association. They include volunteers, employees, partners, vendors, and customers. They play an important part in the function and day to day operations of the AHA. Without the volunteers and employees, the AHA would cease and the American public would not obtain the latest information on preventing heart disease and stroke disease. Without vendors and partners, the AHA would not have the funds and support to make breakthroughs in further preventing heart disease and stroke disease. Without customers, the AHA would not have information for their studies and research to find new medicines or technology to prevent these diseases. So everyone has an important part to the success and expansion of the AHA. The American Heart Association has been a major influence of the lives of the public both nationally and internationally. They have given the public a better nderstanding of what heart and stroke disease are and the seriousness of these diseases. They also have programs and educational material available on what he or she can do as a patient as well as a supporter to make a difference in his or her life and to prevent from getting these diseases. They have classes on CPR and first aid in the event that they encounter someone who is suffering from a heart disease or stroke. I think that without the AHA, there would be a high rate of people dying from these diseases and people would not know what to do if they come across this disease or prevent it.

Free Essays on Henry Adams

Henry Adams believed that the mass majority of his students were â€Å"sluggish-minded boys† (301) that would take any information as fact solely because it came from a professor’s lecture. He describes that students are difficult to engage in discussion which coerced him to â€Å"devise schemes to find what they were thinking about† (302). He also portrays students as too â€Å"agreeable† to professors’ suggestions. Adams’ perceived his students as sheep-like individuals or people who would just go with the flow. They never really made any effort to question or engage their professors in conversation about claims. In Adams’ opinion â€Å"the only privilege a student had that was worth his claiming, was that of talking to the professor†. He believes that students should take advantage of opportunities to actually talk to the professor to further benefit their understandings of material. I agree with Adams’ assessment of his students mainly because students have not changed much since then. The majority of students are still going to school not for the sake of learning, but for that â€Å"A† on an exam. Most students still go to class just for the information so they can do well on the test or paper, get their college degree, and make lots of money. Very few go to class to exchange ideas with their professor or feel inclined to investigate certain material. From personal experience, I believe students are still sluggish or sheep-like, too dependent on their professors, and are pursuing a higher education for the wrong reasons. Adams stated that â€Å"nine minds in ten take polish passively, like a hard surface; only the tenth sensibly reacts† (302). Most students are pretty much â€Å"mindless†, just looking toward the professor for the answers. The nine minds that take polish passively, like a hard surface, are just going with the flow to get by. In their minds, whatever the professor acknowledges is true, and there is... Free Essays on Henry Adams Free Essays on Henry Adams Henry Adams believed that the mass majority of his students were â€Å"sluggish-minded boys† (301) that would take any information as fact solely because it came from a professor’s lecture. He describes that students are difficult to engage in discussion which coerced him to â€Å"devise schemes to find what they were thinking about† (302). He also portrays students as too â€Å"agreeable† to professors’ suggestions. Adams’ perceived his students as sheep-like individuals or people who would just go with the flow. They never really made any effort to question or engage their professors in conversation about claims. In Adams’ opinion â€Å"the only privilege a student had that was worth his claiming, was that of talking to the professor†. He believes that students should take advantage of opportunities to actually talk to the professor to further benefit their understandings of material. I agree with Adams’ assessment of his students mainly because students have not changed much since then. The majority of students are still going to school not for the sake of learning, but for that â€Å"A† on an exam. Most students still go to class just for the information so they can do well on the test or paper, get their college degree, and make lots of money. Very few go to class to exchange ideas with their professor or feel inclined to investigate certain material. From personal experience, I believe students are still sluggish or sheep-like, too dependent on their professors, and are pursuing a higher education for the wrong reasons. Adams stated that â€Å"nine minds in ten take polish passively, like a hard surface; only the tenth sensibly reacts† (302). Most students are pretty much â€Å"mindless†, just looking toward the professor for the answers. The nine minds that take polish passively, like a hard surface, are just going with the flow to get by. In their minds, whatever the professor acknowledges is true, and there is...

The eNotes Blog Now What, Freshmen and Fellow Grads Some Advice From a Recent CollegeGraduate

Now What, Freshmen and Fellow Grads Some Advice From a Recent CollegeGraduate When I look back over the past sixteen years (whoa) of education, I find that I have a lot of mixed feelings. I recall that back in elementary and middle school- and even in high school to some extent- all I wanted was to grow up and be treated as an adult. I felt that what I was learning had little to no basis in what I would need to know in the real world, and I  was endlessly jealous of my brother, three years older and living it up in college, being all self-sufficient and whatnot. And so I slogged my way through high school, doing my homework, making the grade, playing the team sports, and waking up every morning to do it all over again. Its safe to say I took high school for granted, not considering that life outside my parents house was a little less glamorous than Id imagined. I was one of those annoying people who managed to get into their dream school- in my case, the University of Washington in Seattle. It was the same school my brother was going to, about to enter his senior year, and some of my closest friends from high school got in too. In my minds eye, I could see it now: big lecture halls full of academics, classes full of relevant information I wanted to learn, big, spacious libraries to study in, and the freedom to set my own schedule.  Well, some of these things are true. Indeed, the lecture halls are pretty big, there  is an abundance of large, well-stocked libraries, and there is the potential to set a schedule that works for you- but lets break it down a little with some truths and misconceptions about the college life: Lecture halls for freshmen are not pretty big;  theyre huge, especially if youre entering one of those famous weeder courses, AKA a huge class meant to sort through the students actually passionate about a given subject vs. the people just trying to get a credit. I took an introductory biology course with more than 700 people in one classroom. Libraries are grand and wonderful places to study,  but it may be more difficult to find a table than you could have imagined possible. On that note, if youre studying by yourself, dont be that person who takes up a huge table- if you have to be that person (if there are no smaller tables open, for example), then for goodness sakes let other people sit with you. Your schedule will be ridiculous. At least, your freshman year schedule will be. Its very possible that you will  take an 8:30 a.m. class and not re-enter a  classroom until 3:00 that afternoon. But you roll with it, because you need those classes and who really  needs consistency? Worry not, though- the higher you climb in credits, the earlier you get to register, and the earlier you register, the more likely you are to get the classes you need at a time you want. Study. Abroad. If your university/college offers a study abroad program, you really should look into it. Chances are, your school will make a lot of hoops for you to jump through to qualify and be accepted into the program, but it is absolutely worth it. I personally missed out due to some credit snafus, but friends who went had the most amazing time and wouldnt trade the experience for anything. After all, how often does the opportunity to live abroad for several months with no strings attached (minus $) come along? You probably have no idea what you want to do with the rest of your life, and thats totally okay. As I just mentioned, I had some credit snafus, and these snafus had everything to do with the fact that I changed my major no fewer than ten times  (and that is no exaggeration). When you graduate high school, theres a lot of talk about the rest of your lives, and theres pressure to feel like you have to know what the rest of your life is going to look like. So you may get to college with the definitive aspiration of being the worlds best surgeon Only to take a year of science classes and realize that chemistry may just be put on this earth to ruin you, and youll have to tweak your goals a little. True story: I started college with my eyes on the medical school prize; I graduated last week with a degree in English and Comparative Literature (theres no need to discuss my stints in international relations, economics, computer science, art, industrial design, etc.). College culture can be encompassing And distracting. It seems that movies, in their depiction of college life, tend to look at undergrads as party animals, and rarely do they show a lot of actual homework, studying, or even attending class. No doubt, there are plenty of opportunities to party, but dont let yourself forget the real reason youre paying an insane amount of money to attend a given school. The temptation to go out on a school night (or multiple school nights) can be hard to resist, especially when your friends are going, but getting your work done, being prepared for class, and showing up ready to learn (read: not hungover and/or exhausted) is usually (90% of the time) the better option. Internships. Internships, internships, internships. Everybody needs a resume and resumes with relevant experience look more well-rounded than resumes that only detail the summers you worked in your hometowns ice cream parlor (I did this until the end of my junior year when I realized how nice it would be to put something more academic on my work history). Like studying abroad, having an internship while in school is a unique and invaluable experience. Often, internships can be taken for college credit and intern employers are usually very understanding about the irregularities of a college schedule and are willing to work around that. After you graduate, employers are going to be much less understanding when you randomly need to show up an hour late because you have an unexpected project to get done. Senioritis is real, and it starts way before your senior year. It was true in high school and it becomes no less true in college- the closer you get to graduating, the less you feel like putting your nose in a book. In high school, I think I started getting antsy and unmotivated at the end of my junior year or  the start of my senior year. In college, I was ready to throw my papers out the window about halfway through sophomore year- but you really cant do that. Grades arent  as important in college if youre not gearing towards grad school, but they still matter and you still need to get your work done, no matter how much the outside world is calling. Finding a job is hard.  If you talk to your parents,  chances are decent that they got a job right out of school. Im sorry to say, but chances are less decent that you will- but thats not the end of the world. It seems like now more than ever, college students are graduating just to move right back in with mom and dad. But dont sweat it: the job market is tough. Dont let it break you down if you dont get your dream job right away (or if you dont even know what your dream job  is yet). Youre not really the adultiest of adults yet. I know, that is hard to hear (its just as hard to say, er, type). There is so much that goes into being an adult and you dont learn any of it in college. Sure, I now know how to calculate the speed of a rolling ball, but we never learned how to pay taxes or set up a 401K. This is where experienced adults come in. My freshman year, I didnt want any help from my father- I was eighteen! A responsible, grown woman who could make her own choices. Now, as a twenty-one-year-old young woman who can  make her own choices, I shoot my dad a text asking which off-brand cereal  he would recommend to someone on a (very) tight budget. Above all, just relax. The tests, they will be hard. The homework, there will be lots. The all-nighters, there will be some. But you will make it through all of that. You will spend hours sitting in uncomfortable chairs, learning things you never knew were important; you will write papers that you hate; you will write papers that you love. You may go through a period of stealing toilet paper from public restrooms because you had no time to shop. You may struggle to find a job; you may party too hard one night and sleep through a class (dont do this, trust me). But youll come through these four or five years with a new lease on life. Theres no guarantee youll know how to be an adult, but there is the guarantee that youll figure it out. So sit back, relax, and get ready for a really whacky ride.

About Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About Apple - Essay Example being loved by money, it faces competition from companies such as Google, Microsoft (in terms of computer software design and production) and other phone making companies in Asia like in China for example which mass produces cheap phones. This made Apple come up with a strategy that would make their products and especially the phone more appealing. They decided to have graffiti in and on their phones in a bid to promote art and also attract art lovers. This graffiti started becoming so popular in late last decade. It became popular because people could now personalize their phones not only in the applications through handwriting but also on the covers of the iPhone. Due to the fact that many individuals had the iPhones, the graffiti was welcome to distinguish people’s phones and portray not only the artistic intelligence of an individual but also it could communicate a lot about a person just by observing the graffiti on a person’s iPhone. Vandalism according to Apple is destruction of the beauty of their products for example the iPhone. Vandalism involves use of bad art like bad drawings on the cover of the iPhone in the name of beautifying it and in the long destroys its durability and even some of its features and application. Street art on the other hand is the graffiti done on the iPhone by people in the streets. These people are not necessarily authorized by Apple to work for them but they bring the graffiti from the shop to the street. Some may vandalize the product but majority really personalize the iPhone based on the owner’s liking and tastes (Banksy 102). There are types of graffiti that are classified and considered vandalism while others are considered art; this is because of many reasons. One of the reasons depends on who painted or drew the graffiti. If it was carried out by an inexperienced and untalented person, then it is bad and considered vandalism compared to if it was carried by a professional who would make it be considered art. The

Tax Allowances in Petroleum Industry Assignment

Tax Allowances in Petroleum Industry - Assignment Example Earlier experiences from such attempts by other nations have been considered for comparative analysis of the factors. The paper comprises of four parts. Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan are two states that broke away from the Russian federation after the fall of the former Soviet Union. They are both members of the CIS and have immense wealth of mineral oil and crude deposits. Together they comprise more than a third of the CIS's total energy reserves. However they are both classified as nascent developing states and as nascent states have it, the political economy of both countries suffer from huge administrative lethargy. Both countries bet heavily of the oil reserves and are striving to attract foreign investments in these sectors. Azerbaijan has made great leaps and has overtaken Kazakhstan in terms of volumetric performance of the oil sector. But as economists point out, its fiscal policies lack the complexity to accommodate the sudden surge in revenue. Hence their revenue from oil will peak towards the end of the decade and then stabilise on a relatively low rate of declaration. Kazakhstan on the other hand has seen very little dramatic... It is in these contexts that the fiscal reforms of the countries have to be considered as far as reforms in the oil sector taxation will be studied. 1. Overview of the tax systems in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan Oil Industry Tax system in Kazakhstan oil industry The Taxation system in Kazakhstan is the most renowned model in the erstwhile Soviet Union. The Tax Code of 2002 implied an "international model of taxation, based on the principles of equity, economic neutrality and simplicity". During the year 1996, a Treaty on the Avoidance of Double Taxation was signed between United States and Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan has since signed 36 such agreements with various foreign governments until today1. The four main laws which govern the petroleum sector in Kazakhstan are: The Subsurface Law The Petroleum Law The Tax Code (2001) Law on Production Sharing Agreement for the sake of offshore oil dealings (zakhstan Oil and Gas Tax Guide) Taxation on Oil and Gas The new tax code that came in to force wef. 1st January 2002 has remarkably decreased the number of taxed sectors from a previous 53 to 36. The new code reflected better insight and clarity in the tax regime rather than the previous clumsy one. These new taxes were more detailed, and comprehensive. With this emerged a new framework on long term taxation issues in the petroleum industry and for the first time, long term financial planning and better feasibility studies could be effectively done by investors in the sector. The improved Tax Code which came in to effect from January 1, 2005 brought changes in tax regulations and lowered the economic load of investors considerably. The chief tax heads for companies dealing in the oil and gas sector are Corporate Income Tax, Value

TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Essay

TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - Essay Example As part of its conclusion, the paper also provided some recommendations in relation to the overall improvement of some problems identified in the conduct of the research. Introduction The African continent has been divided into three regions to be able to account for the differences in the level of development. The disaggregation is a manifestation of the level of development – North Africa, the South African Customs Union and the ‘Rest of Africa’. The South African Custom Union is composed of South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia and Botswana. Both North and South Africa are middle-income countries while most countries in the category of Rest of Africa are low-income countries1. North Africa is consists of seven countries namely: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara. As of today, the region has an estimated population of more than 208 million2. Among the African countries, North Africa has the biggest non-black population that com prise the more than half of the population at 160 million3. Largely, North Africa is an Arab region with the most number of Arab populations in the world. This can be traced from the historical, cultural and religious influence of the Middle East. North African countries have diverse cultural and historical backgrounds that affect the variance of their political, economic and cultural policies. Apart from being collectively referred to as part of the same region, sharing of a common adherence Islamic cultural identity, and colonial history, it is now difficult to find commonality among the countries of North Africa4. As the African continent is known for its enormous wealth of natural resources, with one of the world’s largest countries with vast deposits of diamonds, gold chrome, uranium, copper, iron, cobalt and many other minerals, the same is true with the North African region. It is endowed with richness of natural resources especially in terms of agriculture and mineral s. Libya and Algeria are also known to have large amounts of petroleum5. North Africa is a region that can rouse development internally with all of its’ natural and human resources. The full use and maximization of its natural resources alone can help this region into full economic development. The North African region is not a rookie when it comes to globalization. It basically relies on oil, natural gas, phosphates and agricultural products for exports. Tradable industrial output, non traded goods and services play a not-so significant role in North African’s economy in terms of manufacturing and most of the existing firms and entrepreneur are mainly family-owned and out of date if compared to other emerging markets in the global industry6. The North African region had also been a region of dispute. Just recently, three of its countries have suffered from political chaos, namely Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. The growing discontent of the people has greatly affected the r uling power in these countries and the government’s retaliation has further destabilized their respective governments. Protests come in different forms, yet, the peoples’ clamour is the same: protests against political suppression and significant economic reforms. It has been apparent from the series of

An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Sustainable Design Essay

An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Sustainable Design - Essay Example The balancing of these aspects in the new product development design is the outlook of ‘Sustainable product development and design’. â€Å"To create sustainable products and services that increase stakeholders quality of life, whilst at the same time achieving major reductions in resource and energy use, will require a significant emphasis on stimulating new ideas through higher levels of creativity and innovation†- e generation Business Learning Centre. Thus it becomes evident that creating new designs may need increased creativity as well as the fullest involvement form the varied strata of people, if new solutions and designs are to be generated which will substantiate the Sustainable Product Design Development. In general ‘sustainable development’ is to be seen as a basic human concept dealing with the kind of environment the people would like to live in. Sustainable development is a strong image but a provocative one. The best place to get good suggestions on the sustained development is the ‘customers’. Many companies have forgotten to talk to customers but have focused inwardly on the technological and improvements required for, primarily eco-design using less energy and less components etc. In many cases such suggestions may not be the right solution but nevertheless, it can be demonstrated that new ideas can reach marketplace if the conditions are right.† Quite understandably, the majority of people do not understand the academic concept of sustainable development. Indeed, research for the Department of Environment in the UK, indicated that sustainable development was seen as a government construct to keep people out of environmental issues† Marti n Charter and Anne Chick (1997). Keeping this context in view, this paper attempts to cover an overview of creation of new sustainable product designs to manufacture products, services and

Trend in Architecture in the Past Research Paper

Trend in Architecture in the Past - Research Paper Example The research paper "Trend in Architecture in the Past" focuses on a detail discussion about four distinct structure of the ancient time, these are Arch, Dome, vault, and Roof. In this paper, the main discussion is about the structure and method of development of the above four construction in Greece, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. Some of the key structures of ancient Egypt were arch, vault, roof etc. All these three structures were closely related to one another as there is a number of great architectural work in Egypt based on the above three elements. A vault is associated with the architecture of an arch. There is a pair of the arch at both ends of the structure. Between both the arches, there is a long arched tunnel which is generally made up of concrete. To overcome this issue people in Greece, Egypt used to build a vault in. In order to provide support to one part or the finished part people used to take help of the process of centering, the support was at the place until the other sections were finished. In order to ensure strong support to the finished side people also took help of Buttresses which were known for providing all the heavy concrete vaults some extra support. â€Å"Architects would lay layers of light tiles directly on the centering. When the tiles were finished, it gave the centering ex tra support until they laid the final layer of concrete. When all of the concrete was dry and the tiles were laid, the Roman architects would pour concrete onto the vaults until they reached the desired thickness†.

A critical assessment of a marketing execution Essay - 2

A critical assessment of a marketing execution - Essay Example Hofstede makes it easy for people studying in the area of global marketing especially executing efficient strategies to understand concepts in the same area. The Hofstede model emerges on top of other models developed over the past fifteen years because of its application in advertising as well as global marketing. Different global institutions continue to apply the model by Geert Hofstede of national culture during the whole marketing and global branding exercise. Hofstede’s dimensional framework contributes to the development of theories relating to the behaviour depicted by consumers. Other scholars further develop the theory by explaining it in terms of differences that exist in the concepts of personality, self, and identity (Lee, 1966, 112). The elements, then help in explaining differences in the strategy of communication and branding. They also cover processing of information among them variations in categorisation and perception with impact on both mass communication and interpersonal communication aspects. The way marketing works also fall in this category. This paper takes a critical evaluation of the application of Hofstede’s cultural dimensional model in Italy and Canada. At the end, the author of the paper gives his views on the implications of the model when Canadian marketers present their views on the marketing environment in Italy. Cultural elements in Italy and Canada are several and include among others materi al culture, aesthetics, language, religion, education, social organisation as well as values and attitudes. A reflection of values of the society and nature takes place through the language. Canadians speak English while Italians speak Latin. Both Canada and Italy boarder countries some of which speak different languages from what the natives in the two countries speak. The influence of Espanyol in Canada as well as the influence of English and French in Italy leads to the development of sub-cultural languages in form

An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Sustainable Design Essay

An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Sustainable Design - Essay Example The balancing of these aspects in the new product development design is the outlook of ‘Sustainable product development and design’. â€Å"To create sustainable products and services that increase stakeholders quality of life, whilst at the same time achieving major reductions in resource and energy use, will require a significant emphasis on stimulating new ideas through higher levels of creativity and innovation†- e generation Business Learning Centre. Thus it becomes evident that creating new designs may need increased creativity as well as the fullest involvement form the varied strata of people, if new solutions and designs are to be generated which will substantiate the Sustainable Product Design Development. In general ‘sustainable development’ is to be seen as a basic human concept dealing with the kind of environment the people would like to live in. Sustainable development is a strong image but a provocative one. The best place to get good suggestions on the sustained development is the ‘customers’. Many companies have forgotten to talk to customers but have focused inwardly on the technological and improvements required for, primarily eco-design using less energy and less components etc. In many cases such suggestions may not be the right solution but nevertheless, it can be demonstrated that new ideas can reach marketplace if the conditions are right.† Quite understandably, the majority of people do not understand the academic concept of sustainable development. Indeed, research for the Department of Environment in the UK, indicated that sustainable development was seen as a government construct to keep people out of environmental issues† Marti n Charter and Anne Chick (1997). Keeping this context in view, this paper attempts to cover an overview of creation of new sustainable product designs to manufacture products, services and

A critical assessment of a marketing execution Essay - 2

A critical assessment of a marketing execution - Essay Example Hofstede makes it easy for people studying in the area of global marketing especially executing efficient strategies to understand concepts in the same area. The Hofstede model emerges on top of other models developed over the past fifteen years because of its application in advertising as well as global marketing. Different global institutions continue to apply the model by Geert Hofstede of national culture during the whole marketing and global branding exercise. Hofstede’s dimensional framework contributes to the development of theories relating to the behaviour depicted by consumers. Other scholars further develop the theory by explaining it in terms of differences that exist in the concepts of personality, self, and identity (Lee, 1966, 112). The elements, then help in explaining differences in the strategy of communication and branding. They also cover processing of information among them variations in categorisation and perception with impact on both mass communication and interpersonal communication aspects. The way marketing works also fall in this category. This paper takes a critical evaluation of the application of Hofstede’s cultural dimensional model in Italy and Canada. At the end, the author of the paper gives his views on the implications of the model when Canadian marketers present their views on the marketing environment in Italy. Cultural elements in Italy and Canada are several and include among others materi al culture, aesthetics, language, religion, education, social organisation as well as values and attitudes. A reflection of values of the society and nature takes place through the language. Canadians speak English while Italians speak Latin. Both Canada and Italy boarder countries some of which speak different languages from what the natives in the two countries speak. The influence of Espanyol in Canada as well as the influence of English and French in Italy leads to the development of sub-cultural languages in form

Evaluation of the play Blood Brothers Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of the play Blood Brothers Essay Thomas Hardy suggests that in the mid-ninteenth century women were limited in their choice of jobs. Factory work was available in some areas but this meant working long, tiresome hours. They could also work for the rich, but for very little money. The term used for a woman who makes dresses is a seamstress. They spent their lives sewing for the rich ladies who wore smart dresses. In Far From the Madding Crowd the main character Bathsheba is the proud owner of her inherited farm. She has maids, farm workers and shepherds working for her. She spends long hours of the day working in fields. She is a fortunate woman, very popular among the men but who clearly is unsure about life /love. Her character is affluent and enjoys a privileged lifestyle. In Wessex where the book was set it is very traditional, old fashioned (even some parts are today). The rural setting makes it relate to what the scenery was like, and enhances the atmosphere. At the time this book was written, health standards were very poor and there was no birth control. Illness was common, and people often had to cope for themselves. A woman was considered lucky if she was rich enough to employ a maid to care for her. There were no injections to prevent people against tetanus, common among farm workers. (It occurs when dirt is passed through a wound with a risk of getting paralysed) Nowadays we have modern medicine and equipment and highly trained doctors. Unlike men, woman had many limitations. If a party/ festival was being held all the women were obliged to leave the room, while the men drank. But Hardy shows a different stereotype to the one most women were accustomed to at that time- Bathsheba, instead of leaving the room quietly and without protestation, she leaves indignantly, having complained to her husband about the amount of alcohol that was offered- dont give it to them. This shows she was more independent than other women of her day. Women were expected to cook mostly and were frequently bossed around by their husbands (male domination) this has held a topic of sexism to woman today. In the Victorian times, women were expected to dress respectively. Evan if a woman showed a small amount of her ankle it was though of as blasphemous and unpleasant! Woman wore long dresses, bonnets and covered their arms up. Obviously a rich person would have a more fancy-detailed dress than a poor person. People though that woman were not equal to men because men were stronger and protector. Women were quoted as feeble and timid. Woman could vote very little and there was very little education for them. One thing I picked up on was that in the book when Troy was performing in the circus among the other men, there were no woman performing. This was against the rules and the circus would have needed strong performers, which were not, in their eyes woman. The workhouse was a place in which many poor/old people ended their days. But the workhouse was also for young people too. Fanny was one who died in the workhouse after giving birth. People would work and pray throughout the day. They had a regime but they were also allowed to relax and have free time to do what they wanted. It was thought that religion would help the poor to overcome their laziness, fecklessness and drunkenness. Even school lessons for children revolved around the Bible. There were foundation orphanages for children where they were treated with great care. This option was for woman who could not look after their children or were ill/having problems etc. This option would have done Fanny help, if she hadnt had died. From reading the book, and observing the film I have seen in depth that life then, is extremely different from today and what woman could and couldnt do. Men could do far more and seemed to get more out of life than woman. Troy was often seen doing much more than Bathsehba?

Contrast Of Films And Literature Film Studies Essay

Contrast Of Films And Literature Film Studies Essay There are many things to be considered when comparing literature and film. Using the knowledge gained in class, the differences between literature and film will be explained with a focus on the film and literature of Oedipus Rex. This play makes you think and shows us how important the theater was and still is as a way of communicating a playwrights ability to build something from the inside out. In addition, adapting literature to a film is a challenge for sure, and since the beginning, films have been considered the realm of the actors and the script itself. The process of characters construction, the techniques, the language, and the references are very important aspects to be considered while making films because after all they are based on the play itself, which the directors will reduce in size to fit in a time frame between one and three hours. By looking and thinking critically, plays and films are dedicated to each other; films are just a new way of thinking. Many films were made based on books which were used to tell a story about something. For example, telling the reader or the viewer about the life of a person doomed to be destroyed by its own wrong doings; a kingdom whose people are suffering because of political arrogances due to family problems including a drunk king that cares about his own well-being; or a love story ending in tragedy dramatized by the separation of the two main characters. Of course there is more to these stories that films do not always depict, in some cases the literary text makes us think about morals, gives us advice, or poses questions about real life circumstances. Sometimes the film does not always portray this and a more in-depth analysis will be found by reading the actual play. The video created in 1984, Oedipus the King with Michael Pennington, Claire Bloom and John Shrapnel, translated and directed by the late Don Taylor, can show the spectacular performances of all the actors, especially King Oedipus. The techniques used by the director draws attention, while the other elements used in the video including the sound, light, and fog direct you to another point of view and create the reality of the situation. The costumes were appropriate for the time period, except for the main character, Oedipus the King was dressed in a white suit while the others were dressed for the correct time period. Maybe this decision was made by the director to separate Oedipus from the rest of the actors, or it is possible it could be a mistake not realized until after the film was done. The film is fantastic but it cannot be, in any way, a replacement for the original play by Sophocles. (http://www.encyclopedia.com/video/OpqVmviDEvk-oedipus-king-part-212.aspx) One of the differences among the film and the play is the approach for understanding. If people who has recently read the play and have been asked what the play intends to tell, it is possible to have some different answers, which will be in accordance with the concerns and priorities of each reader. Now, if a group of people was just done watching the video and have been asked the same questions, even after the film not being the same as the original script, the possibility of having the same answer is much more like because the film captures the viewers attention at the same time by all the effects used. The version of Oedipus the King starring Christopher Plummer, made in 1967 by U.K production directed by Philip Saville, brought the story to life. In the beginning of the film we can see Oedipus as adult attacking his father on the wagon and killing him. This part is presented as slides of pictures to demonstrate how it began; each picture can be used as a flash back, as you watching the film, to explain a little more about the details and the use of images as an alternative from language used for plays. Sometimes people can lose interest reading the play, but with the growing fascination and effects of films its almost impossible to lose concentration in what is going on. (http://www.youtube.com/watch#!videos=atN3Ko8Ni3Mv=EUzr-48JIwM) The Chorus in this video, with no doubts, calls the attention of the viewers and carries a very important part of the video. It symbolizes the people of Thebes and acts as a guide, directing our attention to the truth about what is going on. In addition, it acts as the voice of reason, when Oedipus does not. After each part, the chorus has a task which is to clarify and guide the audience to what is happening with more details, explanations and sometimes mediators. For example when Tiresias reveals Oedipus fate to the Chorus, the chorus remains inert: But that a mortal seer knows more than I know-where Hath this been proven? Or how without sign assured, can I blame Him who saved our State when the winged songstress came, Tested and tried in the light of us all, like gold assayed? How can I now assent when a crime is on Oedipus laid? (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31/31-h/31-h.htm / (Ant. 2) after last words of Teiresias) Most of the Greek plays written were done in very different society than the one we live in today and most of the time it was presented to one entire community in which were used to seeing and experiencing this kind of activity at that time. This is one of the main challenges in which directors face today to produce a film. The directors have to work not only with the spectacular mythical traditions of the play but they have to somehow combine the old tactics into a modern way to draw the attention of viewers. (http://wogone.com/iq/Sophocles_Oedipus_Rex_in_Modern_Film.pdf) One of the differences between literature and the films are the interpretations. Most of the audiences today grown without the recognition of ancient literature and begin their journeys focusing directly to films. After learning that about the particular film they have watched was made from a play or a book, the viewers can become more interested to the subject and most of the times they find themselves reading the scripts. In a dissertation undertaken as part of the requirements for the degree of B.A. joint honors in Classical Literature, Civilization and Russian Studies called Sophocles Oedipus Rex in Modern Film using the film done by Pier Pasolini, an Italian poet, intellectual, film director, writer and creator of Oedipus Rex filmed in the summer of 1967, N. Woodbridge from the University of Birmingham wrote: Another major choice facing the director is whether to produce modern tragedy in the medium of the theatre or of film. Theatre is often considered more conducive to Greek tragedy as it was the original medium used. Film can be thought to be incompatible with Greek tragedy as there are obvious difficulties in transferring plays which have existed for 2500 years into a medium that has only existed in the last century. (http://wogone.com/iq/Sophocles_Oedipus_Rex_in_Modern_Film.pdf / line 31) In this work Pasolini had a true vision based on the original work of Sophocles. The movie adaptation is considered by many to be a frustrating and boring film while others classify as a beautiful work. Many also felt that the double period of time was a bit confusing, modern at the beginning and end of the film and basically ancient in the middle. However, Pasolini used a chronological order showing the full circle of his work. In addition, his work was very close to the original work of Sophocles, it shows that the life of Oedipus was predetermined and governed by his fate. The dedication and talent of Pasolini and his production team were the main input responsible for the perfect adaptation of this famous tragedy into film version. The tragedy of Oedipus, whether written or in film, shows the values given by the Greek tradition. Reading or watching people somehow sympathize with Oedipus, crying to his tragic fate and at the same time purifying the emotions of the readers and viewers. The tragic error of Oedipus was his pride and arrogance to his indestructibility. People also can feel suspense and fear because the reader knows what will happen to Oedipus in the end. The perfect demonstration of how life can change and show a person cannot, in any way, diverts its fate. Sophocles used a combination of special intelligence and creativity by mixing mythology and tragedy into this perfect play. Without a doubt, all tragedies created by Sophocles are considered exceptional for its quality of work and its power, bringing more attention into our new generation.

Evaluating Retail Markets in Several Small Cities :: Retail Market Analysis

Due to the resent desire of expanding into one of the following three cities; Ann Arbor, MI, Lincoln, NE and Madison, WI that have been chosen for possible location sites. I Regina Molel, Junior Executive of Swifts’ researched and analyzed the best possible location to start up another Swifts’ boutique, due to the request of Swifts’ CEO, Taylor Swift. At Swifts’ Boutique there will be merchandise that will appeal to those around the ages of 15-24 years old. The ideal area for the new expansion would have a larger population of teenage girls as well as younger women that are within our age range. Our company will be looking for Economic Indicators such as Household Income Growth and Projected Future Job Growth. Site Selection is a key category for the reason that depending on the location selected could make or break a company, for this reason we will be looking at Mall Locations, retail Sales, Local Transportation, and Entertainment and Restaurants. Then finally there is the competition; Swifts’ will be looking into how many stores are there that have the same customer base and would be competing with our brand directly. Madison, WI and Lincoln, Ne both did very well in the category of Population. Madison has a Metro Population of 568,593, Lincoln has a Metro Population of 302,157, and Ann Arbor, MI with 344,791. As for Female Population, Lincoln was on top with a total Female Population of 129,462, then Madison with 118,377, and finally Ann Arbor with 57,779. Ann Arbor may seem like it is being beat in most of the categories but when it comes to our target market Ann Arbor is at the top with 31.8% of their population landing in the range of 15-24 years of age, next with Madison at a 22.1% and lastly, Lincoln with 19%. Looking in to the Economic Indicators is at the highest in Lincoln at .8% Household Income and 44.48% for Future Job Growth, then in Ann Arbor with .4% Household Income, 31.30% Future Job Growth and finally ending in Madison with 0% Household Income, and 36.78% for Future Job Growth. Within the three towns there are possible malls that Swifts’ could expand in that would be sui table. The Retail Sales falls into this category, Madison dominating the Women’s and Girls’ clothing with $382,503 in sales, next would be Lincoln with $218,360, and lastly Ann Arbor with $155,768.

Book Review :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facing Death, Finding Love: The Healing Power of Grief and Loss in One Family’s Life was written by Dawson Church. 1994. 140p. Aslan Publishing. Dawson Church is a publisher, editor and author. Previous books he has authored or co-authored include The Heart of the Healer and Communing with the Spirit of Your Unborn Child. He works as CEO of Atrium Publishers Group – a book distributor- and lives with his wife and two children in Lake County, California.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dawson Church starts out with his acknowledgments of appreciation to all the people that have supported him in the writing and publishing of this book. The introduction by Church’s editor, Hal Zina Bennett, Ph.D., reflects the truths revealed in the book’s contents as reminders that in opening our hearts and minds to the greatest mysteries of all – the vast mysteries of life and death – we discover a love that is as powerful in the receiving as in the giving, transcending all our deepest and most grievous emotions. Maybe the best way to describe and sum up the contents of Church’s book that readers are about to discover is as follow†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is perhaps in grief that we discover the force that carried us once again into incarnation, the reason we incarnated in the first place. It is in the tearing open of heart that we discover how guarded our lives have become, how small a cage we have traded off for safe ground. We see how our work is to be more loving, to live more fully in an often confusing world.† Church uses nine chapters together with his afterword and appendix A: Grieving Rituals as well as appendix B: Connecting With the Soul to cover all the contents of this book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chapter one – The Death – starts out with the vision that death can come very unexpectedly to anyone at anytime or any place when one least prepares for it. Death to Church and his wife as well as to many people in the world are hard to recognize and deal with. He keeps come up with questions such as â€Å"We felt him kicking just last night. What could have happened between then and now? We didn’t feel any struggle. Surely he would have alerted us if something were wrong? He could have communicated his distress, and we could have known and perhaps done something.† Church couldn’t get over the unexpected death of Montague because he thought that no way it could possibly be happened when he and his wife did not neglect any aspect of caring for the infant in the womb.

Conviction Offense and Prison Violence

Conviction offense and prison violence The study of the above statement by John Sorensen and mark D. Cunningham reveals that the disciplinary data done in 2003, involving 51,527 inmates who were serving sentences in the department of corrections of Florida and of the 51,527 involved to generate that data, 9,586 were homicide convicts charged on different degrees of homicide. The homicide convicts were amongst those researched on in respect to their involvement in prison violence and misconducts.Previous misconducts related to discipline and other forms of violence reported by the numbers of inmates present at the time of the evaluation which was 14,088 and a class of inmates who are kept under strict and direct supervision, of which they were 4,113 in total, were also considered. The preference and prevalence of violence in prisons reduced as the seriousness of the crime under which the inmate was sentenced increases. The study revealed that close custody inmates were not involved in or have had anything to do with the violence that erupts in the facilities in which they are located.Moreover, some negative regression models used to evaluate this observation shows that â€Å"serious† convicted offenders are less involved in prison violence than their colleagues who have been convicted of way less charges. The â€Å"three strike laws† provides the law courts with the power to impose harsher judgments and more severe punishments if a person is convicted more than three times with the degrees of the charges increasing. The laws however, limit the punishment to life imprisonment.In another study related to this, it was found that correctional facilities experienced more cases of institutional misbehaviors than those facilities that are meant for confinement with no correctional intentions. Actual figures from the study shows that inmates in confinement facilities are less likely to be involved in any form of institutional misconducts than their counter parts in correctional facilities where most cases of these misconducts are reported and on a regular basis.This study can see an increase of officers in this correctional facilities and more tough rules on prison discipline inside correctional facilities. Violent girls or relabeled status offenders? Feld Barry C in his work about whether convicted girls should be addressed as violent girls or should be relabeled as status offenders who in most cases usually refers the offences that minors commit reveals that the government who are the policy makers and the juvenile justice system has expressed their worries about the rising number of young girls being arrester over â€Å"petty† issues.Other interested parties in this issues have seen that the cause of the arrests to be the following; ? Due to the fact that the public is â€Å"tired† of the bad behaviors exhibited by these girls leading to their regular arrests. ? Increased monitoring of home related violence in which t he girls are the most adversely affected group and which can result in behavior change on the part of the girl. Policy change in the juvenile justice system and also the changes in the way parents go about with their parenting of the girl child. The author is for the idea that there should not be institutionalization of these status offenders which is reflected in the policy changing of the juvenile justice and delinquencies prevention act -deinstitutionalization encourages that minor offenders be referred to as delinquents so as to make those institutions where these â€Å"proving difficult to deal with† are confined.The author goes ahead to analyze data on the pattern of arrest and the confinement records for both and girls who are termed to be violent and have been charged following simple and aggravated acts, questioning that the fluctuating figures in number of victims and the rate differences, and the confinement of these violent girls and boys agrees to a different man ner of the increase in girls violence that moves together with the thesis that explains social construction.In a different study but on the same issue of the girl rehabilitation programs, one program named multi-systemic therapy has been a success because it provides a holistic manner where a team from the state or government work together with the parents of the affected girls and in the process tries to change the parent’s behavior. This is usually done where parental activities have been found to be a cause for the girl’s behavior change and therefore influences negatively on the child’s growth and development.The team working with the parents also goes to the extent of going to the schools and evaluating if the child is responding positively to the whole program. The only real problem and hence a constraint of this very effective program is the cost, it’s too expensive and many parents cannot afford it. The study also reveals that non-specific gender programs works more effectively than gender specific programs. However, the study also shows that programs that are gender specific have positive effects in certain areas that include; improved relationship with family members, employment, education and other psychological social outcomes.